A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire Essay Example

A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire Essay A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire The decline of China and Rome both shared similar economic strife in that they were both subject to barbarian and nomadic invasions, therefore having to spend large amounts of money on frontier defense; however, they differed in that the Han Empire collapsed in part due to the high taxes imposed on the peasant class resulting in a large peasant rebellion, such as the Yellow Turbans, while in Rome tax collections was in danger of abandonment as residents of the empire were few in number and in financial difficulty. In addition, the two empires were similar socially because of large epidemics, diseases, and plagues that caused a population decrease. Also, both experienced a cultural decay in intellectual creativity and innovations. Differences appear in that China shared common culture, such as the Chinese script, while Rome was more fragmented causing a less severe fall in China than Rome. Politically, the falls of both empires were similar in that their central governments no longer prospered, and split; Rome into first two, then four parts, and China into three parts. Contrasts appear when comparing political leaders in both civilizations. Rome experienced a period of political confusion when weak emperors ruled and succession turned into civil war, while in China it was the bureaucrats who became more corrupt and in turn local landlords gained more power. During the time of Classical China and Rome, nomadic tribes of barbarians inhabited areas around the civilizations. The Xiongnu and Xianbei were active tribes near China’s borders, while various Germanic tribes attempted to invade Rome. Both civilizations used a great deal of capital to protect the barriers of their civilizations. We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Comparison of the Decline of Han China and the Roman Empire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer China began construction of the Great Wall, and Rome put up a series of garrisons and forts to protect their border. The effect of this was crippling on both civilizations, and eroded the empire’s economy. Though tax collection proved difficult in both empires, the gathering of taxes proved to be very different. The Han Empire chose to overtax the overwhelmingly large peasant class which instigated an enormous peasant rebellion led by the Yellow Turbans, a Daoist religious sect who opposed the over taxation of peasantry and attempted to form a â€Å"Golden Age†. In the Roman Empire, taxation slowly became a thing of the past, as the Romans decreasing population failed to pay taxes at all during hard times. As the Roman population decreased due to famine, disease, and the upper classes producing less offspring due to their quest for a pleasure-seeking life, soldiers were becoming scarcer, and the overall economy declined. Factors such as taxing and nomadic invasions weakened both societies economically, though both civilizations dealt with taxing differently, causing different effects. In both civilizations, epidemics broke out within the population. Public baths, sewage systems, and human-animal contact caused diseases such as malaria, smallpox, measles, and the bubonic plague to wipe out entire populations. In addition, both suffered a cultural decay intellectually. Roman scholars wrote textbooks summarizing already discovered information instead of developing new ideas. During that time, Romans became increasingly focused on pleasure seeking, turning away from political and economic ideas that once shaped their civilization. Confucian scholars in Han China became less creative and centered also, causing social and political decline in Confucian philosophies. However; when looking at unity in culture, the Chinese was much more unified than Rome, sharing a common Chinese script and language. Rome became much more fragmented, eventually dividing the Mediterranean world into three zones. Rome and China both had central, united governments that ended up dividing into several pieces. The governments, no longer able to continue and prosper due to revolt and economic set backs spilt Rome into two and eventually 4 parts while splitting Han China into three parts. In addition, great landed families in both empires grew in power and weakened the central state, reducing its resources. When comparing the two, political differences are also made evident. The government in Rome failed mostly as an effect of the problem of succession. Rome had many weak emperors, and the decision of who would next reign often resulted in civil wars that further fragmented the empire. Within Han China, the bureaucrats took over, corrupting the government, while the emperor transferred power to landlords, who gained more power. Han China and Classical Rome share many parallels in social, economic, and political aspects. Socially, epidemics and cultural decline shared a part in decline of both empires while China’s common culture resulted in less of a complete decline in the Han Empire. Looking into economics, both civilizations suffered from having to pay for defense on borders due to nomadic invasion, but the way the government dealt with taxes and how they were effected by them differed. Finally, politically both empires were fractured into various parts, but in Rome there were a multitude of weak emperors while the bureaucrats and landowners contributed more to the fall of the Han. Though both civilizations were â€Å"regrouped†, as Stern cautions use of the word decline, Han China’s tradition, politics, and distinct values led to the eventual revival of the society while Rome’s cultural diversity due to changing demographics by Germanic invasions resulted in a complete culture shock and a broken society. The Roman Empire could not be revived as Han China was; as the Chinese civilization used their strongly structured bureaucracy and Confucian values to emerge from a great fall.

obese flights Essays

obese flights Essays obese flights Essay obese flights Essay Essay Topic: Flight obese flights BY killwi1125 J. T. scott Engl: 191 Rough draft Flight of the Obese Imagine this You worked overtime shifts for the past 3 months to be able to afford this vacation. You struggled to get time off and you are now ready to relax and enjoy yourself on the trip. The time has come to take your seat on the plane and low and behold, you cant even have a seat to yourself because the person next you is overweight and therefore over the armrest. Not only is this affecting your ability to enjoy a comfortable flight but economically this may affect your ability to afford to fly in the future. The objective of this research paper is to debate whether or not obese people should have to pay more for airline tickets. A study concluded that the 10 pounds Americans gained on average during the 1990s required an additional 350 million gallons of fuel a year (Adler). Obese passengers not only affect the comfort of others on the plane, it is a known fact that the heavier the vehicle the more fuel it burns. This means that as fuel usage goes up, so will the cost of plane tickets. Since there is no way to immediately tell if a potential passenger will cost extra fuel via internet purchase, airlines will simply Just harge more from each customer to compensate for the rising cost of fuel. Obesity is rising in America, thats no secret but are people aware of the rising economic costs of those extra pounds? According to a new study from the Campaign to End Obesity, spending due to obesity is actually twice the amount previously estimated and exceeds the costs of even smoking. Those medical costs affect everyone, not Just those who are obese. Higher health insurance premiums lead everyone to cover those extra medical costs. The U. S. spends an excess of $190 billion a year, the study found. Dybuncio). The air is not the only place in which the obese are affecting the economy. Cars burn nearly a billion gallons of gasoline more a year than they did in 1960, due to heavier passengers and in the skies; fuel costs have risen to carry heavier customers. Not to mention the skyrocketing costs of missed work days from people taking off because of poor health. The impact of obesity is everywhere (Dybuncio). Maybe if the airlines charged overweight, it could be a stepping stone toward sending a message to the youth and society in general that obesity has monetary consequences s well as health repercussions but my main issue with the situation is this, If you use more of the product (more space, more than one seat, more fuel, etc ) you should have to pay more. Its only fair. The difficult thing to do would be to come up with a system to decide who would have to pay that extra fee without being insensitive to those given the fee. One idea is to have an airplane seat readily available for people to sit in and see if they need the extra space. Just taking ones weight is not sufficient because everyone carries the pounds differently. One possible way is to Just ask the customer online before the ticket is purchased. That way the customer can already have the accommodations In place DeTore tney ny ana dont nave to deal wltn embarrassment of being told in public that they are too big for Just one seat. Any solution is sure to be awkward and uncomfortable to some. Kenlie Tiggeman is a 30 year old political strategist and weight loss blogger who, along with her mother was told that she was too fat to fly. Tiggeman said the incident happened in Dallas over Easter. She and her mother were told by a gate gent they each had to purchase two seats (Slatterly). The problem was that this was a return flight, and they hadnt been stopped before. The gate agent said it was policy. Tiggeman, who once weighed 393 lbs said that she was asked embarrassing questions such as How much I weighed, what size clothes I wear. I gave answers in front of a gate full of people, some of whom were snickering (Slatterly). This kind of treatment of people is unacceptable and turned out to be a black eye to Southwest Airlines, which allowed the woman and her mother on a later flight, apologized, efunded their tickets and gave them free vouchers. The Airline then issued a public apology to Ms. Tiggeman. A spokesperson for the company had this to say about this particular policy: If a passenger cannot fit in a seat with the armrests down, a second seat must be purchased. If the flight is not full, that added charge will be refunded. The airlines are not the only institutions that have rustled some feathers as far as the overweight are concerned. Bill Wisth, who weighs 3501bs and stands at a towering 6ft6in, went to the Thiensville, Wisconsin restaurant for their all-you-can-eat ish fry. However, he said that after 12 pieces, Chucks Place cut him off. The restaurant staff said they were running out of fish, but sent Mr. Wisth on his way with eight more pieces. He told Todays TMJ 4: We asked for more fish and they refused to give us any more fish. (Stebner) But he was not to be swayed. Mr. Wisth has decided to picket the restaurant every Sunday, condemning them for false advertising. At this time, Id like to apologize if the tone of this assignment has come off as bitter towards the obese. It is easy to Just complain about the problem rather than to nderstand the other side to it as well. I imagine that boarding a crowded airplane for on overweight p erson must be an incredibly awkward and tense experience since no one wants to be someones airline horror story. The sad story making the rounds at present is that of Arthur Berkowitz, who thought hed hit the coveted empty- middle-seat Jackpot on a cross-country flight from Anchorage, Alaska to Philadelphia back in July, only to lose out at the final moment when a last-minute addition boarded the plane and sat down beside him. Berkowitzs new seatmate was very fat, and Berkowitz responded by refusing to buckle his seat belt, in violation of FAA regulations, and spending the seven-hour flight standing in the aisle and galley area of the plane(Leslie). Berkowitz claims to be coming out with his tale of woe now because US Airways failed to give him a refund. Oh, and also because of safety. I doubt parts of his story for a few reasons. For one, I give a big side-eye to the notion that the airline would uniformly come down on the side of the fat dude if his size were indeed an impediment to the satisfaction of FAA safety regulations. Every major irline has a clause in their contract of carriage which you tacitly accept when you purchase your ticket specifying that should an individual prove too big for one seat, said individual must purchase a second seat. Its a bit of legal ass-coverage that many airlines rarely employ, but its there for Just such an occasion as this. The bottom line Is tnls; tne world Is Decomlng a more expensive Tor everyone. we are at tne polnt where as a society we expect to pay more for things we need to live such as food, gas, transportation, everything. The only things that are getting cheaper are fast food tems and that may part of the problem though Mark Bittman disagrees. THE fact that Junk food is cheaper than real food has become a reflexive part of how we explain why so many Americans are overweight, particularly those with lower incomes. I frequently read confident statements like, when a bag of chips is cheaper than a head of broccoli or its more affordable to feed a family of four at McDonalds than to cook a healthy meal for them at home. This is wrong(Bittman). He may be correct in that going to a store and buying groceries using coupons or 2 or one deals will save you money in the long run but for people who work, have children, and other obligations, fast food is significantly more feasible. The backlash to this is heavier Americans. And heavier Americans cause more drag in vehicles such as airplanes therefore using more gas and money. Combine that with the sheer annoyance many feel by being pinned in a seat due to an obese seat mate after already going through the hell that TSA puts everyone through and you have a legitimate reason to charge more to those you use more of the product which in this case is airplane space.

IT entrepreneurship Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

IT entrepreneurship - Assignment Example Exterior Security from the Office The medical institution is to be named St. Mary’s Hospital and will have 126 employees that will majorly work with the Information Technology perspective. One of the key aspects to ensure is the physical security of the premises. Fifteen employees will be directed towards this feature. The training of these employees will ensure increased safety of the other employees and the information in the medical office. The responsibility of these employees comprises the watching over of the exterior part of the facility. The employees are supposed to observe who goes through the gate and ensure that they run their identification cards through the laser machine present at the gate. The running of the identification card will ensure that their information gets fed into the system and thus accounting for their presence. Shifts are required in this sector and the job will be run by 10 employees during the day and vigilance taken over by the other 5 during the night. The importance of the shifts is to ensure that the workers get enough rest to keep watch at all times. Exterior Security at the Gates For the optimal results of this strategy, the Information Technology officers in the medical facility should communicate with the officers guarding the gates physically. The cooperation involves the security officers in the medical office informing the gate guards that they have recorded information about the visitors in their database and thus they have the freedom to access the facility. With this collaboration, there is the assurance of maximum security concerning the physical accessibility to the facility. Two physical security guards are required during the day that will bear professional IT gadgets to scan the cars and people that enter the facility. At night, the shift is taken over by two other employees. Reception Upon entrance into the facility, the visitors head straight to the reception area. This area involves around ten employ ees running the systems. At this point, the visitors offer their information such as the department that they are interested in visiting and feed the receptionists information on the purpose of their visit. After this, the receptionist responsible for the visitor feeds information into the database and includes data about the purpose of the visit. This information having location in the database system increases the security of the organization, fast service and optimal pleasure for the visitors. Internal Security Another responsibility taken is the assurance of security for the office internally. Despite the fact that the organization is small, security in terms of cameras is very important. There should be the employment of these cameras to ensure that activities run effectively without any form of hitches. Corruption is one of the components of many of the offices in the 21st century, due to this; the manager should allocate around 2 employees the responsibility of watching over the running of the organization through the cameras. Moreover, the camera reception should not only run by the security office but also a live feed should run to the manager’s office. It is also important to note that the manager should have at least two personal assistances that will assist in the coordination of phone calls and data running to the

Paolo's Pizza Parlour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Paolo's Pizza Parlour - Essay Example In our situation, the offer of Gino was to sell the next consignment of salami to Paolo. He did not say that he is offering his current supply of goods or the goods, which are already in his possession. It could be that the goods are still to be acquired subject to the acceptance of Paolo of the offer to sell by Gino. The fact that Marco informed Palo that Gino sold all his salami to the owner of the Italian Restaurant is of no consequence. The offer to sell is between Gino and Paolo and Marco has no legal part in it. My advice to Paolo would be to go on accepting the offer of Gino as agreed. The fact that he is given until Friday to communicate his acceptance of the offer, he can avail of such time. On the part of Gino, the acceptance of Paolo is biding upon him since he did not withdraw his offer to sell before the time it was accepted. Situation 2 gives us a picture of an employee-employer relationship and a promise to give extra pay for the services rendered by the employee. Paolo offered Alfonso a bonus if there pizza can be delivered on time. Alfonso accepted the offer and he worked extra hours to get the job done and the pizza delivered on time. However, Paolo refused to honour his promise on the claim that the services performed by Alfonso is within the normal course of business for which he is paid for. Is Paolo right? Under the GUARANTEE PAYMENTS PL724 (Rev 2), the normal working hours should be clear from an employees written statement of employment particulars taken together with any relevant collective agreement. They may include overtime hours, where the contract of employment requires both the employee to work them and the employer to provide and pay for overtime work. Under normal circumstances, the employee and the employer agree a specific number of hours when the employee may render services for the salary given by the employer. Such activities include the normal business transaction of the employer. Following the facts of the

Review of relevant literature Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review of relevant literature - Research Paper Example E-wastes have serious health and environmental implications that emanate from the different components contained. They contain lead particles that are toxic and can affect the nervous systems of humans when consumed. Possible means of consumption include through deposits in drinking water. Mercury can cause dysfunction of the genitourinary system of the body. Cadmium is one of the components of e-wastes that have toxic elements that affect the kidney. They are possible escalators of kidney failures. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, a component that is in e-wastes is equally dangerous. These hydrocarbons have causal effects on skins as diseases and deep irritation. Water pollution is a serious environmental effect of e-wastes. Contamination of soils and subsequent degradation of soil productivity is a notable effect of e-wastes that are not properly disposed. The ever-increasing cases of disorders, caused by contamination from the components of e-wastes, calls for interventions a nd remedial strategies. A study on the effects of e-wastes, therefore, would contribute to the knowledge on the impacts of e-wastes on human health and the environment. This provides justification of the study because of its contribution to the knowledge aimed at sensitization of the public on the environmental and health effects of e-wastes. ... Although developed countries find the process of e-waste recycling by use of modern and proper technologies to be efficient, they do not have viable systems set in place to manage the high amount of waste produced. Improper e-waste disposal by developed countries is among the major environmental threats to developing countries since developed countries tend to dispose their excess e-waste in developing countries. Because of the lack of or improper mechanisms by developing countries to address the challenge of hazardous e-waste disposed on their lands, it is essential to educate the average person on ways of managing e-waste. It is noteworthy that the average persons, who constitute a high proportion of the population of developing countries, are prone to the effects of e-waste. This prompts the research on the various ways that the average person can use in the management of e-waste. Kumar proposes the use of formal recyclers as the major players in the waste recycling sector (893). The average person should use methods that are hygienic and inexpensive in the management of e-wastes. This research, therefore, offers an insight into some of the best methods that are applicable by the average person in managing e-wastes. Advancement in technology, according to Kalana, is among the escalators of increased amount of e-wastes in the environment (132). The study by Kalana identifies diverse methods that households can apply in the management of e-waste that continue to pose a great threat to them because of the increase in technological innovations. The study area, Shah Alam, Selangor, consists of middle-income earners and, therefore has a high number of the

Introduction The History Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay

Introduction The History Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay Schizophrenia from the Greek word (schizo) means split and (phrenia) means mind is a psychiatric disorder characterised by positive, negative and cognitive dysfunctions (Andreasen, 1997; Meltzer, 1999a, b; Meltzer et al., 1999; Weinberger and Gallhofer, 1997). These symptoms are characterized by delusions, hallucinations, loss of abstract thinking and difficulty to differentiate between reality and fantasy. In general, symptoms differ from one person to another. Schizophrenia has been known to mankind since the ancient Egyptians. The ancient Egyptians described disturbances in thought and behaviour which is seen in schizophrenia. Many of the schizophrenia symptoms have been described in ancient Greek, Romans and Chinese scripts. During that time, these societies had an awareness of psychotic disorders and believed they were caused by demons and evil spirits. Treatment of psychotic disorders was exorcising of the demons which varied enormously from mild and safe treatment such as exposing the patient to certain music to more invasive and fatal treatment such as drilling into the patients skull (Schizophrenia.com, (nd). The History of Schizophrenia.[online] Available: http://www.schizophrenia.com/history.htm. Last accessed 13 December 2009). Our understanding and differentiation of schizophrenia from other mental disorders improved and influenced by Huglings-Jacksons postulations in 1984. His hypothesis influences most of schizophrenia researchers until now such as (Andreasen et al., 1995; Meares, 1999a, b). He classified psychosis as a neurological disorder and categorised excessive behaviour as positive symptoms and absence in emotions, speech and social withdrawal as negative symptoms. The most important of his hypothesis is that he proposed that negative symptoms are caused as a result of abnormalities in the brain and positive symptoms result from cognitive deficits (as cited in Beck, 2009) Another important scientist is Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist, who introduced the term dementia praecox in 1896. He observed a number of young patients and came to a conclusion from his extensive clinical observation with three symptoms; hebephrenia (purposeless, disorganised) catatonia (immobility and anxiety) and paranoia (delusions and hallucinations). He grouped them under dementia praecox (early dementia) as he observed these symptoms in young adult patients. He also identified working memory deficits, attentional deficits and lack of organisation (Kraepelin et al., 1919) The founding father of schizophrenia is Eugen Bleuler, a Swedish psychiatrist, who introduced the schizophrenia term and classified schizophrenia as a mental disorder (Bleuler and Zinkin, 1950) and went beyond Kraepelins observations. He characterised schizophrenia symptoms into primary symptoms and secondary symptoms. Primary symptoms include social withdrawal and attentional deficit and were present in all schizophrenia patients and had brain abnormalities causes. Secondary symptoms which include delusions, hallucination, catatonia and these symptoms were not essential for diagnosis and they had no pathological brain abnormalities. He proposed that there is a link between underlying neurological pathology that results in the manifestation of the symptoms (as cited in Beck, 2009) Besides the positive and negative symptoms experienced by schizophrenia patient cognitive deficits are also one of the core symptoms experienced by schizophrenia patients. Cornblatt and his colleagues (1997) pointed out that attentional deficits and other cognitive deficits observed in patients are part of the disorder symptoms but they are independent of the positive and the negative symptoms and do not respond to treatment (Cornblatt et al., 1997). Cognitive deficits often lead to the expression of psychosis (Erlenmeyer-Kimling et al., 2000) and tend to be no deterioration of the symptoms over time (Albus et al., 2002). Cognitive deficits present even after subsidence of psychosis and unaffected by antipsychotic treatment (Harvey and Keefe, 2001; Keefe et al., 2007). Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (MATRICS) As a result of the devastated implication of this disorder, research has now started to focus on developing drugs to improve cognition in schizophrenia patients and also to improve social and employment. This led the National Institute of Mental Health (NIH) to the initiation of the MATRICS (Marder and Fenton, 2004). The MATRICS initiative aim is to improve current treatment and also to develop new drugs that help improve cognition in patients. (Green et al., 2004); MATRIC Program (nd) MATRICS.ucla.edu. [online] Available: http://www.matrics.ucla.edu/.htm. Last accessed 13 December 2009). MATRICS developed a consensus that concluded the main common features of cognitive deficits found in schizophrenia patients. These seven cognitive deficits are: verbal learning and memory, visual learning and memory, reasoning and problem solving, speed of processing, working memory and social cognition. These seven domains should be represented in a cognitive battery to evaluate the effects of new drugs on cognition in schizophrenia (Nuechterlein et al., 2004). In order to develop new drugs to enhance cognition in schizophrenia, preclinical test batteries are required to model schizophrenia cognitive domains in vivo. Floresco and his colleagues (2005) considered two methods for developing cognitive paradigm and animal models to mimic schizophrenia symptoms by (i) using lesions or drugs intervention to alter systems which contributes to schizophrenia disorder and (ii) to develop animal models that characterise schizophrenia symptomatology (Floresco et al., 2005) Animal models to mimic schizophrenia in Laboratory: PCP was first used as a surgical anaesthetic but it was found to cause schizophrenia-like symptoms in patients after surgery (Morris et al., 2005). PCP antagonises non-competitively N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor (Anis et al., 1983). It binds to site within channel pore which is accessible when the pore is open and antagonism is use use-dependent (Morris et al., 2005). PCP also antagonises other ion channels such as voltage-dependent sodium and potassium channels and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in the same manner as the NMDA receptor but not use-dependent'(Oswald et al., 1984). It also antagonises membrane proteins of sigma receptors and all dopamine and noradrenaline transporters (Garey and Heath, 1976; Pubill et al., 1998). These actions of PCP are less potent than its actions on the NMDA receptor. Yet, schizophrenia patients show reduced CNS nicotinic receptors activity and elevated limbic dopamine level and compromised sodium and potassium channel function (Morris et a l., 2005). Thus, these actions contribute partially to the schizophrenia symptoms and action at NMDA receptor remains the main site of action (Morris et al., 2005) Showing PCP and ketamine to cause schizophrenia-like symptoms in healthy patients ((Adler et al., 1999; Allen and Young, 1978; Krystal et al., 1994; Luby et al., 1959) led to hypothesis that schizophrenia is related to NMDA hypofunction in the limbic system (Olney and Farber, 1995) which is supported by post-mortem examination studies in schizophrenia patients showing evidence of decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunits and associated proteins in the brain of schizophrenia patient compared to control (Noga et al., 1997; Sokolov, 1998) Thus, PCP has been used to model cognitive deficits in animal models (Jentsch and Roth, 1999; Mandillo et al., 2003; Sams-Dodd, 1998). Sub-chronic administration of PCP has been found to produce schizophrenia-like symptoms in rodents (Jentsch and Roth, 1999). Cognitive dysfunction induced by sub-chronic injection of PCP results in deficits in working memory and inhibtitory in control in rodents and monkeys (Jentsch and Roth, 1999). In the present study, we are only concerned with working memory. The term working memory was first introduced by David Olton and Werner Honig in the 1970s (as cited in Dudchenko, 2004). Working memory is defined the retrieval of information learnt over a delay of time within sessions but not necessarily between sessions (Dudchenko, 2004). The holeboard task was developed by Oades in1978 and this behavioural test is useful as it allows each in the test to develop its own method of finding food pellet (Oades and Isaacson, 1978) making this behavioural test a good experimental design to assess spatial working memory in rodents. This test rely on intact hippocampus and performance was impaired following lesions in the ventral tegmentum (Oades, 1982) The test can only be carried out in rats. The test apparatus consisted of an arena 70-70-50cm with 16 holes 3.5cm wide and 2cm deep (Oades and Isaacson, 1978). The animals are left to explore the arena to adapt to the apparatus with food being placed in all of the holes, the animals deprived from food before the beginning of the test and this time food is only allocated at 4 holes out of the 16 holes (Oades and Isaacson, 1978) The test which have been developed to mimic deficits in working memory seen in schizophrenia patients are useful to assess working memory in rodents but with difficulties and confliction in defining working memory between rodents and humans make it hard to model this cognition in animal models and to assess the effect of antipsychotic drugs. The core aim of this study was to assess the effects of sub-chronic PCP treatment on the spatial working memory using the 16-hole. It is expected that sub-chronic treated rats will perform poorly in this task as sub-chronic PCP induce deficits in working memory in animal models (Jentsch and Roth, 1999). Objectives of this experiment is firstly is the habituation of 16 female rats to the 16-hole-board for 3 days and the food is available in all of the 16 holes, then the food will be placed in only 4 holes and the animals will be trained to eat and visit these holes only for 7 days and is then followed by the administration of sub-chronic PCP (2mg/kg, n=8) or vehicle (0.9% saline, n=8) intraperitoneally for 7 days followed by washout of the drug for 7 days and then carrying out the behavioural test.

Army Girl :: essays research papers

Army girl â€Å"I can so do it!† yelled Katie. â€Å"You’re only a girl,† replied Ben in an aggressive tone of voice. Following Ben’s sarcasm, Katie screamed louder. Katie is a typical girl who surfs every chance she gets; she also loves playing sport & in general loves life. Ben on the other hand has nothing in common with Katie but just likes hanging out with her. Katie wants to join the army but everyone thinks it is some joke or dare so no one really takes her seriously however Katie gets more determined to join every time her friends ridicule her when the subject comes up. â€Å"You’re just a girl, I hope we don’t have to depend on you to defend our country!† Katie’s friend Morgan says. The next day she set off to go to the enlistment centre. Ben, like all her friends didn’t think that she would even walk into the enlistment office, so half heartedly they tried once more to persuade her not to join the army. â€Å"The army frowns on people who go surfing on weekdays.† they laughed. â€Å"This is something I want to do, I’m sick of working as a check out chick, I need to do something with my life.† she desperately screams, sounding more like she wanted to convince herself rather than her friends. â€Å"Ok, Ok but we warned you.† they laughingly said together. Katie was scheduled to leave to Kapooka the following week; however she made the best of her free time by partying as hard as she could leading up to her final time of commitment, and all the time her friends firmly believed she was never really going through with it. The talk was they all thought she was really only going on a road trip around Australia with Ben or something outrageous like that. The day finally arrived to leave the Gold Coast she called home for the past 18 years, she tentatively climbed on the bus with 20 or 30 other guys and automatically observed that no other girls were on board as she finally said to herself, â€Å"well Katie, you’ve really done it this time,† as the bus set off for Kapooka Recruitment Centre. Katie had many frightening, anxious, terrifying, and unhappy thoughts spinning around her head but also excitement because she was becoming an independent girl. The long bus trip tired Katie as it was more than a day’s driving; she was exhausted before the training had even started. Army Girl :: essays research papers Army girl â€Å"I can so do it!† yelled Katie. â€Å"You’re only a girl,† replied Ben in an aggressive tone of voice. Following Ben’s sarcasm, Katie screamed louder. Katie is a typical girl who surfs every chance she gets; she also loves playing sport & in general loves life. Ben on the other hand has nothing in common with Katie but just likes hanging out with her. Katie wants to join the army but everyone thinks it is some joke or dare so no one really takes her seriously however Katie gets more determined to join every time her friends ridicule her when the subject comes up. â€Å"You’re just a girl, I hope we don’t have to depend on you to defend our country!† Katie’s friend Morgan says. The next day she set off to go to the enlistment centre. Ben, like all her friends didn’t think that she would even walk into the enlistment office, so half heartedly they tried once more to persuade her not to join the army. â€Å"The army frowns on people who go surfing on weekdays.† they laughed. â€Å"This is something I want to do, I’m sick of working as a check out chick, I need to do something with my life.† she desperately screams, sounding more like she wanted to convince herself rather than her friends. â€Å"Ok, Ok but we warned you.† they laughingly said together. Katie was scheduled to leave to Kapooka the following week; however she made the best of her free time by partying as hard as she could leading up to her final time of commitment, and all the time her friends firmly believed she was never really going through with it. The talk was they all thought she was really only going on a road trip around Australia with Ben or something outrageous like that. The day finally arrived to leave the Gold Coast she called home for the past 18 years, she tentatively climbed on the bus with 20 or 30 other guys and automatically observed that no other girls were on board as she finally said to herself, â€Å"well Katie, you’ve really done it this time,† as the bus set off for Kapooka Recruitment Centre. Katie had many frightening, anxious, terrifying, and unhappy thoughts spinning around her head but also excitement because she was becoming an independent girl. The long bus trip tired Katie as it was more than a day’s driving; she was exhausted before the training had even started.